Tracheophyta Collection (page 12)

Rafflesia (Rafflesia keithii) flower aged approximately 3 days on rainforest floor. Lower slopes of Mt Kinabalu, Sabah, Borneo, Malaysia

Common knapweed (Centaurea nigra) in ancient alpine meadow with hut. in distance, North Tyrol, Austria. June 2018

Moss-covered Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) and sword fern (Polystichum munitum) in the Hoh Rain Forest, Olympic National Park, Washington, USA, June

Frost on soaptree yuccas (Yucca elata) and winter morning fog, in the gypsum sand dunes of White Sands National Monument, New Mexico, USA. January

Tree ferns (Cyatheales) in humid laurisilva forest. Natural Monument of Caldeira Velha, Ribeira Grande, Sao Miguel Island, Azores, Portugal

Quiver tree forest (Aloe dichotoma) at night with stars and the Milky Way, Keetmanshoop, Namibia

Butterflies and day flying moths feed from Loofah flower (Luffa cylindrica) and pick up pollen on their legs, underside of thorax and antennae, South Sichuan Bamboo Sea, China

Black coral vine (Kennedia nigricans) flowers, pollinated by honeyeaters (flowers triggered by honeyeater, releasing the stamens, style and stigma), Western Australia Sequence 2 of 2

Grand-flowered horned poppies (Glaucium grandiflorum) in southern Turkey, June

Pollen release from cyclamen flower via sonication, which mimics buzz pollination. The structure of the cyclamen flower prevents the pollen getting wet

Day gecko (Phelsuma sp. ) with extended tongue lapping up nectar from crown of thorns
Day gecko (Phelsuma sp.) with extended tongue lapping up nectar from crown of thorns (Euphorbia milii) flower, Madagascar

Chinese peacock butterfly (Papilio bianor) drinking nectar from a Hibiscus flower. To maintain position it flaps the wings which pick up pollen on their undersides from the stamens placed on the end

Honey bee (Apis mellifera) nectaring on freshly opened yellow Lantana (Lantana camara) flowers. Flowers turn pink when nectar no longer provided. In garden, Tanzania. Native to tropical Americas

Seep monkey flower (Mimulus guttatus), bifid stigma above stamens. Nectar spot guides and central groove leading pollinators to nectar. Focus stacked

Snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis) anthers and inner petals. Outer petals have been removed
Snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis) anthers and inner petals.Outer petals have been removed. Focus stacked

Grand balsam (Impatiens grandis) with long spur. Pollinated by butterflies, native to India and Sri Lanka. Focus stacked, cultivated plant

Figwort (Scrophularia grandiflora) against sky. Globose flower with protruding upper lip that functions like umbrella to protect stamens. Cultivated in garden

Carpenter bee (Xylocopa sp) nectaring on Clary sage (Salvia sclarea). Pollen deposited on bees back by hanging anthers. Turkey. June

Himalayan balsam (Impatiens glandulifera), dissection of flowers. Male phase above, downward projecting stamens release pollen onto backs of bumblebees and honey bees

Sweet breath of spring (Lonicera fragrantissima) in garden, Surrey, England, UK. Native to China

Caucasian lily (Lilium monadelphum), Caucasus, Russia. June

Hairy banana (Musa velutina), self peeling exposing flesh to aid seed dispersal by birds. In glasshouse. Surrey, England, UK

Elephant yam (Amorphophallus paeoniifolius) spathe with band of male flowers above and female flowers below. In cultivation

Chilean monkey flower (Mimulus naiandinus). The lower lip has a groove to guide the pollinators proboscis to the nectar source, with red spots acting as nectar guides

Sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Charles Thomas ) flower. Cultivated in glasshouse, Surrey, England, UK

Scarlet monkey flower (Mimulus cardinalis). The high position of the stamens and stigma ensure that the heads of hummingbird pollinators make contact with them whilst nectaring

Gold band lily (Lilium auratum) flower. Yellow nectar guides lead pollinators to nectaries. Pollinators are swallowtail butterflies and hawkmoths. Cultivated in garden, Surrey, England, UK

Ivy leaved toadflax (Cymbalaria muralis) flowers with orange nectar guides. Surrey, England, UK. April

Bumblebee scarab beetles (Pygopleurus humeralis) feeding on Phelypaea flower (Phelypaea coccinea). Flower has marks that mimic beetle elytra wings to attract pollinators

White dead nettle (Lamium album) with stamens protected from rain by overhanging upper lip. Pollinated by bumblebees. Naturalised in garden, Surrey, England, UK. May

Balsam (Impatiens bicaudata) flowers with lines leading to nectaries. Cultivated. Native to Madagascar

Bird of paradise / Crane flower (Strelitzia reginae). Cultivated in garden. Native to South Africa

Red trailing bauhinia (Bauhinia kockiana), flowers change from yellow to red with age. Pollinated by butterflies. Cultivated in garden. Native to Malaysia

Glory lily (Gloriosa superba) bud and flower with reflexed petals and trifid stigma. Pollinated by butterflies. National flower of Zimbabwe

Ant (Formicidae) nectaring on Geraldton waxflower (Chamelaucium uncinatum). Western Australia Botanic Garden, Kings Park, Perth, Australia. November

Fairy fern (Azolla filiculoides) and Water forget me not (Myosotis scorpioides) in frozen garden pond. Surrey, England, UK. January

Austral blackbirds (Curaeus curaeus) and Austral thrush (Turdus falcklandii) nectaring on Blue puya (Puya berteroniana). Pollen transferred to birds heads during feeding. Parque Ingles, Chile

Southern double-collared sunbird (Cinnyris chalybeus), male nectaring on Pincushion protea (Leucospermum cordifolium). Cape, South Africa. August

Red wattlebird (Anthochaera carunculata) nectaring on Grevillea (Grevillea preissii). Western Australia Botanic Garden, Kings Park, Perth, Australia. November

Wildflower drifts on disused railway line, flowers include Rosebay willowherb (Epilobium angustifolium), Yellow loosestrife (Lysimachia vulgaris) and Oxeye daisy (Leucanthemum vulgare)

Mandrinette (Hibiscus fragilis), cultivated in breeding program at Kew Gardens, London, UK. Endemic to Mauritius

Gold-tailed melitta bee (Melitta haemorrhoidalis), two males sleeping at night in Peach-leaved bellflower (Campanula persicifolia). In garden, Surrey, England, UK. Focus stacked

Snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis) dispersing pollen by sonication which replicates buzz pollination. Controlled conditions

Chilean bellflower (Crinodendron hookerianum) releasing pollen via sonication which replicates buzz pollination. Native to Chile. Controlled conditions

Flannel bush (Fremontodendron California Glory ) exposed and overflowing nectaries fluorescuing in UV light. Native to southwest USA

New Zealand tree fuchsia (Fuchsia excorticata) with blue pollen and yellow tipped stigma. Focus stacked

Bloody bellflower (Nesocodon mauritianus), female phase with red nectar surrounding stigma. Native to Mauritius. Cultivated at Kew Gardens, London, England, UK

Goat willow (Salix caprea) female catkin in UV light, fine hairs and nectar fluroescing. Surrey, England, UK. Focus stacked

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