Spermatophyte Collection (#12)

Chinese peacock butterfly (Papilio bianor) drinking nectar from a Hibiscus flower. To maintain position it flaps the wings which pick up pollen on their undersides from the stamens placed on the end

Honey bee (Apis mellifera) nectaring on freshly opened yellow Lantana (Lantana camara) flowers. Flowers turn pink when nectar no longer provided. In garden, Tanzania. Native to tropical Americas

Seep monkey flower (Mimulus guttatus), bifid stigma above stamens. Nectar spot guides and central groove leading pollinators to nectar. Focus stacked

Snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis) anthers and inner petals. Outer petals have been removed
Snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis) anthers and inner petals.Outer petals have been removed. Focus stacked

Grand balsam (Impatiens grandis) with long spur. Pollinated by butterflies, native to India and Sri Lanka. Focus stacked, cultivated plant

Figwort (Scrophularia grandiflora) against sky. Globose flower with protruding upper lip that functions like umbrella to protect stamens. Cultivated in garden

Carpenter bee (Xylocopa sp) nectaring on Clary sage (Salvia sclarea). Pollen deposited on bees back by hanging anthers. Turkey. June

Himalayan balsam (Impatiens glandulifera), dissection of flowers. Male phase above, downward projecting stamens release pollen onto backs of bumblebees and honey bees

Sweet breath of spring (Lonicera fragrantissima) in garden, Surrey, England, UK. Native to China

Caucasian lily (Lilium monadelphum), Caucasus, Russia. June

Hairy banana (Musa velutina), self peeling exposing flesh to aid seed dispersal by birds. In glasshouse. Surrey, England, UK

Elephant yam (Amorphophallus paeoniifolius) spathe with band of male flowers above and female flowers below. In cultivation

Chilean monkey flower (Mimulus naiandinus). The lower lip has a groove to guide the pollinators proboscis to the nectar source, with red spots acting as nectar guides

Sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Charles Thomas ) flower. Cultivated in glasshouse, Surrey, England, UK

Scarlet monkey flower (Mimulus cardinalis). The high position of the stamens and stigma ensure that the heads of hummingbird pollinators make contact with them whilst nectaring

Gold band lily (Lilium auratum) flower. Yellow nectar guides lead pollinators to nectaries. Pollinators are swallowtail butterflies and hawkmoths. Cultivated in garden, Surrey, England, UK

Ivy leaved toadflax (Cymbalaria muralis) flowers with orange nectar guides. Surrey, England, UK. April

Bumblebee scarab beetles (Pygopleurus humeralis) feeding on Phelypaea flower (Phelypaea coccinea). Flower has marks that mimic beetle elytra wings to attract pollinators

White dead nettle (Lamium album) with stamens protected from rain by overhanging upper lip. Pollinated by bumblebees. Naturalised in garden, Surrey, England, UK. May

Balsam (Impatiens bicaudata) flowers with lines leading to nectaries. Cultivated. Native to Madagascar

Bird of paradise / Crane flower (Strelitzia reginae). Cultivated in garden. Native to South Africa

Red trailing bauhinia (Bauhinia kockiana), flowers change from yellow to red with age. Pollinated by butterflies. Cultivated in garden. Native to Malaysia

Glory lily (Gloriosa superba) bud and flower with reflexed petals and trifid stigma. Pollinated by butterflies. National flower of Zimbabwe

Ant (Formicidae) nectaring on Geraldton waxflower (Chamelaucium uncinatum). Western Australia Botanic Garden, Kings Park, Perth, Australia. November

Fairy fern (Azolla filiculoides) and Water forget me not (Myosotis scorpioides) in frozen garden pond. Surrey, England, UK. January

Austral blackbirds (Curaeus curaeus) and Austral thrush (Turdus falcklandii) nectaring on Blue puya (Puya berteroniana). Pollen transferred to birds heads during feeding. Parque Ingles, Chile

Southern double-collared sunbird (Cinnyris chalybeus), male nectaring on Pincushion protea (Leucospermum cordifolium). Cape, South Africa. August

Red wattlebird (Anthochaera carunculata) nectaring on Grevillea (Grevillea preissii). Western Australia Botanic Garden, Kings Park, Perth, Australia. November

Wildflower drifts on disused railway line, flowers include Rosebay willowherb (Epilobium angustifolium), Yellow loosestrife (Lysimachia vulgaris) and Oxeye daisy (Leucanthemum vulgare)

Mandrinette (Hibiscus fragilis), cultivated in breeding program at Kew Gardens, London, UK. Endemic to Mauritius

Gold-tailed melitta bee (Melitta haemorrhoidalis), two males sleeping at night in Peach-leaved bellflower (Campanula persicifolia). In garden, Surrey, England, UK. Focus stacked

Snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis) dispersing pollen by sonication which replicates buzz pollination. Controlled conditions

Chilean bellflower (Crinodendron hookerianum) releasing pollen via sonication which replicates buzz pollination. Native to Chile. Controlled conditions

Flannel bush (Fremontodendron California Glory ) exposed and overflowing nectaries fluorescuing in UV light. Native to southwest USA

New Zealand tree fuchsia (Fuchsia excorticata) with blue pollen and yellow tipped stigma. Focus stacked

Bloody bellflower (Nesocodon mauritianus), female phase with red nectar surrounding stigma. Native to Mauritius. Cultivated at Kew Gardens, London, England, UK

Goat willow (Salix caprea) female catkin in UV light, fine hairs and nectar fluroescing. Surrey, England, UK. Focus stacked

Hedgehog-shaped lip bulbophyllum (Bulbophyllum echinolabium), Cultivated in glasshouse, Kew Gardens, London, England, UK. Native to Sulawesi, Indonesia. Controlled conditions

Gold band lily (Lilium auratum) with yellow nectar guides. In cultivation. Native to Japan

Southern magnolia / Bull bay (Magnolia grandiflora) flower. The opening and closing of petals controls the time beetle pollinators enter and leave the flower

Sun bromeliad (Fascicularia bicolor). Central leaves turn red to attract hummingbird pollinators before flowers open. Cultivated in garden. Surrey, England, UK

Malachite sunbird (Nectarinia famosa) male nectaring on King protea (Protea cynaroides). Cape Province, South Africa. August

Celandine crocus (Crocus korolkowii) carpet in area of snowmelt. Pollinated by solitary bees and bumblebees. In valley, near Ansob Pass, Tajikistan. April 2014

Texas bluebonnets (Lupinus texensis) and Indian paintbrush (Castilleja coccinea) amongst wildflowers in ditch beside byway. Rains triggered germinaton of annual seeds. Cuero, Texas, USA. April

Winter aconite (Eranthis hyemalis) with ring of nectaries below stamens. Focus stacked

Tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipifera) flower, pollen and nectar fluorescing in UV light. Surrey, England, UK. Native to USA. Focus stacked. Sequence 2/2

Porcelain orchid (Chloraea magellanica) with osmophores on lip fluorescing in UV light. Chile. Controlled conditions, focus stacked. Sequence 2/2

Foxglove (Digitalis purpurea), blue nectar guides and anthers, pollen and stigma fluorescing in UV light. Focus stacked

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